directlySupports
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: supports
comment: The directlySupports property is a non-transitive version of supports, a subproperty of supports. directlySupports is a superproperty of the properties attributed (inverse of attributedTo), derived (inverse of derivedFrom), associated (inverse of associatedWith), used, and generated (inverse of generatedBy).

generatedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
domain: prov:Entity
range: prov:Activity
comment: Generation is the completion of production of a new prov:Entity by a prov:Activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation.

Image
type: Class
subclass of: Dataset
comment: An Image is a visual representation of structured or unstructured data produced digitally.

challengedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: challenges
comment: Reverse of challenges property.

EVI: Evidence Graph Ontology
type: Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
version IRI: https://w3id.org/EVI/1.3
version IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl
contributor: jniestroy
contributor: mlev71
created: 2020-07-27
description: The Evidence Graph ontology extends core concepts from the W3C Provenance Ontology PROV-O and Bioschemas' Profiles to describe evidence for correctness of findings in biomedical publications. The semantic data model in EVI is expressed using OWL2 Web Ontology Language (OWL2).
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/
modified: 2025-12-05
preferred namespace prefix: evi
preferred namespace uri: http://w3id.org/EVI
prior version: 1.2
version info: 1.3
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-7360
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-3877

schema:Article
type: Class
equivalent class: Article
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: An article, such as a news article or piece of investigative report. Newspapers and magazines have articles of many different types and this is intended to cover them all.

schema:contentUrl
type: DatatypeProperty
equivalent property: contentUrl
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: string
comment: Actual bytes of the object, for example the data file or image file or video file.

generated
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports
inverse of: generatedBy
comment: Reverse of generatedBy property.

ROCrate
type: Class
subclass of: Package
comment: An approach to packaging research data with their metadata.

Claim
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A Claim is a declarative sentence or assertion. Claims are defeasible.

schema:description
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Thing
range: string
comment: A description of the item.

datasetUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedDataset
comment: Reverse of usedDataset property.

intendedUseCase
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: MLModel
range: string
comment: The context in which this model is intended to be used.

contentUrl
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: string
comment: The location or URL of the content.

Package
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: Metadata associated with digital resources that may be packaged together or referenced.

schema:Organization
type: Class
equivalent class: prov:Organization
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: An organization such as a school, NGO, corporation, club, etc.

Dataset
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A body of structured information describing some topic(s) of interest.

indirectlyChallenges
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: challenges
domain: DigitalObject
range: DigitalObject
property chain axiom: directlyChallenges
property chain axiom: supports
comment: The indirectlyChallenges property establishes a relation between instances of DigitalObjects when one indirectly challenges the other entailed by property chaining.

prov:Person
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: A Person is a human Agent.

supportedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: supports
comment: The supportedBy property is a transitive relation between DigitalObjects.

inputSize
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: MLModel
range: string
comment: The expected input size or shape the model is designed to receive and process at one time. For example, image classificatoin models such as ResNet, VGG commonly use 224x224 pixels with 3 channels while Language Models such as BERT, GPT use tokens or context length from thousand to millions.

terms:creator
type: AnnotationProperty
type: ObjectProperty
range: prov:Agent
domain: DigitalObject
comment: An entity responsible for making the resource. Examples of a creator include a person, an organization, or a service i.e. a SoftwareAgent. Typically, the name of a creator should be used to indicate the entity.

schema:runtime
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Runtime platform or script interpreter dependencies (example: Java v1, Python 2.3, .NET Framework 3.0).

modelType
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: MLModel
range: string
comment: The type or category of the machine learning model (e.g., Classification, Regression, Generative).

schema:Dataset
type: Class
equivalent class: Dataset
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A body of structured information describing some topic(s) of interest.

EvidenceGraph
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: An EvidenceGraph is a directed acyclic graph Ev = (Rn, r+, r-) where Rn is a set of Representations, r+ ∈ RnXRn is a set of supports relations, r- ∈ RnXRn is a set of challenge relations, and R+∩R- = Φ. EvidenceGraphs are bipolar argumentation frameworks (Cayrol & Lagasquie-Schiex, 2009) represented as RDF named graphs.

schema:contentSize
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: long
comment: File size in (tera/giga/mega/kilo) bytes.

schema:license
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: Datatype
  union of: anyURI
  union of: string
comment: A license document that applies to this content, typically indicated by URL.

schema:name
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Thing
range: string
comment: The name of the item.

schema:dateCreated
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Dataset
range: dateTime
comment: Date when the item was created.

schema:version
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: The version of the DigitalObject.

schema:Person
type: Class
equivalent class: prov:Person
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: A person (alive, dead, undead, or fictional).

usedService
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Computation
range: Service
comment: The property usedService is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is Service.

associatedPublication
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Computation
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: Datatype
  union of: anyURI
  union of: string
comment: Refenrece to the publications where the item or its relevant information can be discovered.

associatedWith
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
domain: prov:Activity
range: prov:Agent
comment: A prov:Agent that has some responsibility for the occurrence of this prov:Activity is associatedWith the prov:Activity.

usedReagent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Experiment
range: Reagent
comment: The property usedReagent is a subproperty of used where domain is Experiment and range is Reagent.

hasSchema
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: schemaFor
domain: Dataset
range: Schema
comment: The hasSchema property describes the content-level schema of a Dataset.

mlModelUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedMLModel
comment: Reverse of usedMLModel property.

additionalDocumentation
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Computation
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: Datatype
  union of: anyURI
  union of: string
comment: Any additional information of the item that may be useful.

MLModel
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: An MLModel is a computational model that has been trained on data to perform a specific task. It is a digital object that captures the learned parameters and architecture resulting from a machine learning training process (Computation).

derivedFrom
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
inverse of: derivedTo
domain: prov:Entity
range: prov:Entity
comment: A derivation is a transformation of a prov:Entity into another, an update of a prov:Entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new prov:Entity based on a pre-existing prov:Entity.

schema:encodingFormat
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: string
comment: The format of the item in question encoded into.

Reagent
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity
comment: A Reagent is an entity such as chemical substance or biological material that is used to initiate reactions in an experiment.

schema:title
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: The title of a Thing.

packagedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: packages
comment: Reverse of packages property.

prov:Activity
type: Class
comment: An Activity is a process by which an Entity is produced, modified, consumed or used.

directlyChallenges
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: challenges
domain: DigitalObject
range: DigitalObject
comment: The directlyChallenges property establishes a relation between instances of DigitalObjects A and B when A asserts that B is wrong or deficient. It is non-transitive, entailing indirectlyChallenges properties on DigitalObjects supportedBy the DigitalObject it directlyChallenges, via a property chain rule.

instrumentUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedInstrument
comment: Reverse of usedInstrument property.

packages
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Container
range: Software
comment: Instances of software can be packaged by the instances of containers.

prov:SoftwareAgent
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: A Service is considered a SoftwareAgent that can be invoked and executed. A Software is different from SoftwareAgent in the context that it can be downloaded.

indirectlyChallengedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: challengedBy
inverse of: indirectlyChallenges
comment: Reverse of indirectlyChallenges property.

schema:endTime
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Computation
range: dateTime
comment: The endTime of something. For a reserved event or service (e.g. FoodEstablishmentReservation), the time that it is expected to end. For actions that span a period of time, when the action was performed. e.g. John wrote a book from January to December. For media, including audio and video, it's the time offset of the end of a clip within a larger file. Note that Event uses startDate/endDate instead of startTime/endTime, even when describing dates with times. This situation may be clarified in future revisions.

challenges
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DigitalObject
range: DigitalObject
comment: The challenges property is entailed by property chain rule when a DigitalObject A either directly challenges another DigitalObject B, or indirectlyChallenges B by challenging a DigitalObject which supports it.

schema:datePublished
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: dateTime
comment: Date when the item was first published.

usedDataset
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Computation
range: Dataset
comment: The property usedDataset is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is Dataset.

createdBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
domain: DigitalObject
domain: prov:Entity
range: prov:Agent
comment: A prov:Agent is a creator of a prov:Entity if it is createdBy the Agent.

framework
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: MLModel
range: string
comment: The machine learning framework used to create the model (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow).

schema:Service
type: Class
equivalent class: Service
subclass of: prov:SoftwareAgent
comment: A service provided by an organization, e.g. delivery service, print services, etc

schema:SoftwareApplication
type: Class
equivalent class: Software
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A software application.

describedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: describes
comment: Reverse of describes property.

schema:Claim
type: Class
equivalent class: Claim
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A Claim in Schema.org represents a specific, factually-oriented claim that could be the itemReviewed in a ClaimReview. The content of a claim can be summarized with the text property. Variations on well known claims can have their common identity indicated via sameAs links, and summarized with a name. Ideally, a Claim description includes enough contextual information to minimize the risk of ambiguity or inclarity. In practice, many claims are better understood in the context in which they appear or the interpretations provided by claim reviews. Beyond ClaimReview, the Claim type can be associated with related creative works - for example a ScholaryArticle or Question might be about some Claim. At this time, Schema.org does not define any types of relationship between claims. This is a natural area for future exploration.

directlySupportedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: supportedBy
inverse of: directlySupports
comment: The use of directlySupportedBy property is intended to establish a direct relation between instances of DigitalObjects.

schema:fileFormat
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: string
comment: Media type, typically MIME format (see IANA site) of the content e.g. application/zip of a SoftwareApplication binary. In cases where a CreativeWork has several media type representations, 'encoding' can be used to indicate each MediaObject alongside particular fileFormat information. Unregistered or niche file formats can be indicated instead via the most appropriate URL, e.g. defining Web page or a Wikipedia entry.

hasBias
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: MLModel
range: string
comment: Any issue of a model that may consistently deviate its outcome to be incorrect or unfair.

Article
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: An Article is a (typically compound) textual document conveying a set of Claims and other DigitalObjects. Among these, an Article in EVI always conveys an assertion of its authorship in the form of a bibliographic self-reference.

Computation
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Activity
comment: Computation is an Activity performed on a Dataset with the help of a Software.

parametersCount
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: MLModel
range: string
comment: The number of variables a model learns during training. For current LLM models, this number ranges from millions to trillions that determines the performance and complexity of these models.

prov:Organization
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: An Organization is a social or legal institution with structure and purpose such as a company, society, university, sports team, etc.

schema:SoftwareSourceCode
type: Class
equivalent class: Software
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: Computer programming source code. Example: Full (compile ready) solutions, code snippet samples, scripts, templates.

represents
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DigitalObject
range: prov:Entity
comment: A DigitalObject represents an Entity or any of its features or feature sets.

usedInstrument
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Experiment
range: Instrument
comment: The property usedInstrument is a subproperty of used where domain is Experiment and range is Instrument.

schema:keywords
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Computation
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: string
comment: Keywords or tags used to describe some item. Multiple textual entries in a keywords list are typically delimited by commas, or by repeating the property.

Schema
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A semi-structured interpretation of instances of DigitalObjects that can help comprehend the content.

state
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Claim
range: string
comment: Textual representation of a claim

used
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
inverse of: usedBy
domain: prov:Activity
range: prov:Entity
comment: An Activity used an Entity, when the Entity (such as a Dataset or a Software) was instrumental in enabling that Activity to occur.

directlyChallengedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: challengedBy
inverse of: directlyChallenges
comment: Reverse of directlyChallenges property.

softwareUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedSoftware
comment: Reverse of usedSoftware property.

reagentUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedReagent
comment: Reverse of usedReagent property.

usedMLModel
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Computation
range: MLModel
comment: The property usedModel is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is MLModel. This is common in fine-tuning or inference tasks.

usedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports
comment: Reverse of used property.

Experiment
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Activity
comment: An experiment is an activity where samples are treated with reagents and analyzed using instruments.

usedSample
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Experiment
range: Sample
comment: The property usedSample is a subproperty of used where domain is Experiment and range is Sample.

DigitalObject
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity
comment: A DigitalObject is an Entity which represents another Entity. DigitalObjects are always attributedTo an Agent, their creator, contributor, influencer or to an Activity they were generatedBy.

associateFor
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports
inverse of: associatedWith
comment: Reverse of associatedWith property.

supports
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: DigitalObject
range: DigitalObject
comment: The supports property is a transitive relation between DigitalObjects entailed by its subproperty, directlySupports, which is non-transitive. In EvidenceGraphs, if A supports B, then the correctness (truth value) of A provides a warrant for belief in the correctness (truth value) of B.

derivedTo
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports
comment: Reverse of derivedFrom property.

describes
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Method
range: prov:Activity
comment: The describes property is used when a Method, generally composed with a block of text, narrates a prov:Activity that takes place.

prov:Agent
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity
comment: An Agent is an autonomous Entity. Persons and Organizations are Agents in EVI. Agents may be associatedWith Activities, and Entities may be attributedTo Agents.

containedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: contains
comment: Reverse of contains property.

Software
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: Software is a specific set of computer-interpretable instructions to perform one or more Computations.

publicationVenue
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: string
comment: The (digital/physical) name where the item was published.

representedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: represents
comment: Reverse of represents property.

Sample
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity
comment: A sample is an entity such as a biological/physical specimen or material that is being tested in an experiment.

sampleUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedSample
comment: Reverse of usedSample property.

prov:Entity
type: Class
comment: An Entity is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects.

contains
type: ObjectProperty
type: TransitiveProperty
domain: DigitalObject
range: DigitalObject
comment: Instances of DigitalObjects may contain instances of other DigitalObjects.

Service
type: Class
subclass of: prov:SoftwareAgent
comment: A Service is an Activity accessed online, which executes a Computation.

Container
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A container is a digital object that can be defined as packages of software. Instances of containers are accompanied by all necessary dependencies such as specific versions, runtime environment and required libraries for execution.

created
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports
inverse of: createdBy
comment: Reverse of createdBy property.

usedSoftware
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: used
domain: Computation
range: Software
comment: The property usedSoftware is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is Software.

Method
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A descriptive recipe describing how a Representation is made or obtained. It describes an Activity, and may referTo some Material as a component of the recipe.

schema:identifier
type: DatatypeProperty
range: anyURI
comment: The identifier property represents any kind of identifier for any kind of Thing, such as ISBNs, GTIN codes, UUIDs etc. Schema.org provides dedicated properties for representing many of these, either as textual strings or as URL (URI) links.

serviceUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedService
comment: Reverse of usedService property.

schemaFor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of hasSchema property.

schema:dateModified
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: dateTime
comment: The date when the item was modifed last.

modelFormat
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: MLModel
range: string
comment: The file format of the model (e.g., ONNX, HDF5, Pickle).

Instrument
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity
comment: An Instrument is an entity such as a tool, device or equipment that is used in an experiment to perform measurements or manipulations, observations, or other actions.

schema:startTime
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Computation
range: dateTime
comment: The startTime of something. For a reserved event or service (e.g. FoodEstablishmentReservation), the time that it is expected to start. For actions that span a period of time, when the action was performed. e.g. John wrote a book from January to December. For media, including audio and video, it's the time offset of the start of a clip within a larger file. Note that Event uses startDate/endDate instead of startTime/endTime, even when describing dates with times. This situation may be clarified in future revisions.

schema:author
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: The author of the content.

Reference
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A Reference is a bibliographic record. References are Representations which represent and attribute archived digital or bibliographic objects, including Articles, Datasets, and Software.