directlySupports
sub property of: supports
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The directlySupports property is a non-transitive version of supports, a subproperty of supports. directlySupports is a superproperty of the properties attributed (inverse of attributedTo), derived (inverse of derivedFrom), associated (inverse of associatedWith), used, and generated (inverse of generatedBy).

generatedBy
range: prov:Activity
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Generation is the completion of production of a new prov:Entity by a prov:Activity. This entity did not exist before generation and becomes available for usage after this generation.
domain: prov:Entity
sub property of: directlySupportedBy

Image
comment: An Image is a visual representation of structured or unstructured data produced digitally.
subclass of: Dataset
type: Class

challengedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of challenges property.
inverse of: challenges

EVI: Evidence Graph Ontology
modified: 2025-12-05
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/
prior version: 1.2
version IRI: https://w3id.org/EVI/1.3
type: Ontology
type: NamedIndividual
contributor: jniestroy
contributor: mlev71
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-7360
version info: 1.3
preferred namespace prefix: evi
creator: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4647-3877
preferred namespace uri: http://w3id.org/EVI
description: The Evidence Graph ontology extends core concepts from the W3C Provenance Ontology PROV-O and Bioschemas' Profiles to describe evidence for correctness of findings in biomedical publications. The semantic data model in EVI is expressed using OWL2 Web Ontology Language (OWL2).
created: 2020-07-27
version IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl

schema:Article
type: Class
equivalent class: Article
comment: An article, such as a news article or piece of investigative report. Newspapers and magazines have articles of many different types and this is intended to cover them all.
subclass of: DigitalObject

schema:contentUrl
comment: Actual bytes of the object, for example the data file or image file or video file.
equivalent property: contentUrl
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string

generated
comment: Reverse of generatedBy property.
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: generatedBy
sub property of: directlySupports

ROCrate
comment: An approach to packaging research data with their metadata.
type: Class
subclass of: Package

Claim
comment: A Claim is a declarative sentence or assertion. Claims are defeasible.
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject

schema:description
range: string
comment: A description of the item.
domain: Thing
type: DatatypeProperty

datasetUsedBy
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedDataset
comment: Reverse of usedDataset property.
type: ObjectProperty

intendedUseCase
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
domain: MLModel
comment: The context in which this model is intended to be used.

contentUrl
range: string
comment: The location or URL of the content.
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
type: DatatypeProperty

Package
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class
comment: Metadata associated with digital resources that may be packaged together or referenced.

schema:Organization
equivalent class: prov:Organization
type: Class
comment: An organization such as a school, NGO, corporation, club, etc.
subclass of: prov:Agent

Dataset
comment: A body of structured information describing some topic(s) of interest.
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class

indirectlyChallenges
sub property of: challenges
range: DigitalObject
domain: DigitalObject
comment: The indirectlyChallenges property establishes a relation between instances of DigitalObjects when one indirectly challenges the other entailed by property chaining.
type: ObjectProperty
property chain axiom: directlyChallenges
property chain axiom: supports

prov:Person
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: A Person is a human Agent.
type: Class

supportedBy
inverse of: supports
comment: The supportedBy property is a transitive relation between DigitalObjects.
type: ObjectProperty

inputSize
domain: MLModel
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: The expected input size or shape the model is designed to receive and process at one time. For example, image classificatoin models such as ResNet, VGG commonly use 224x224 pixels with 3 channels while Language Models such as BERT, GPT use tokens or context length from thousand to millions.

terms:creator
domain: DigitalObject
comment: An entity responsible for making the resource. Examples of a creator include a person, an organization, or a service i.e. a SoftwareAgent. Typically, the name of a creator should be used to indicate the entity.
range: prov:Agent
type: AnnotationProperty
type: ObjectProperty

schema:runtime
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Runtime platform or script interpreter dependencies (example: Java v1, Python 2.3, .NET Framework 3.0).

modelType
range: string
comment: The type or category of the machine learning model (e.g., Classification, Regression, Generative).
domain: MLModel
type: DatatypeProperty

schema:Dataset
type: Class
equivalent class: Dataset
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A body of structured information describing some topic(s) of interest.

EvidenceGraph
comment: An EvidenceGraph is a directed acyclic graph Ev = (Rn, r+, r-) where Rn is a set of Representations, r+ ∈ RnXRn is a set of supports relations, r- ∈ RnXRn is a set of challenge relations, and R+∩R- = Φ. EvidenceGraphs are bipolar argumentation frameworks (Cayrol & Lagasquie-Schiex, 2009) represented as RDF named graphs.
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class

schema:contentSize
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: long
comment: File size in (tera/giga/mega/kilo) bytes.
type: DatatypeProperty

schema:license
type: DatatypeProperty
range: Datatype
  union of: anyURI
  union of: string
comment: A license document that applies to this content, typically indicated by URL.
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software

schema:name
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The name of the item.
range: string
domain: Thing

schema:dateCreated
domain: Dataset
range: dateTime
comment: Date when the item was created.
type: DatatypeProperty

schema:version
comment: The version of the DigitalObject.
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string

schema:Person
equivalent class: prov:Person
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: A person (alive, dead, undead, or fictional).

usedService
sub property of: used
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property usedService is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is Service.
range: Service
domain: Computation

associatedPublication
range: Datatype
  union of: anyURI
  union of: string
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Refenrece to the publications where the item or its relevant information can be discovered.
domain: Class
  union of: Computation
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software

associatedWith
domain: prov:Activity
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
range: prov:Agent
type: ObjectProperty
comment: A prov:Agent that has some responsibility for the occurrence of this prov:Activity is associatedWith the prov:Activity.

usedReagent
type: ObjectProperty
range: Reagent
sub property of: used
domain: Experiment
comment: The property usedReagent is a subproperty of used where domain is Experiment and range is Reagent.

hasSchema
domain: Dataset
comment: The hasSchema property describes the content-level schema of a Dataset.
type: ObjectProperty
range: Schema
inverse of: schemaFor

mlModelUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of usedMLModel property.
inverse of: usedMLModel
sub property of: usedBy

additionalDocumentation
domain: Class
  union of: Computation
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
comment: Any additional information of the item that may be useful.
range: Datatype
  union of: anyURI
  union of: string
type: DatatypeProperty

MLModel
type: Class
comment: An MLModel is a computational model that has been trained on data to perform a specific task. It is a digital object that captures the learned parameters and architecture resulting from a machine learning training process (Computation).
subclass of: DigitalObject

derivedFrom
comment: A derivation is a transformation of a prov:Entity into another, an update of a prov:Entity resulting in a new one, or the construction of a new prov:Entity based on a pre-existing prov:Entity.
inverse of: derivedTo
range: prov:Entity
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
type: ObjectProperty
domain: prov:Entity

schema:encodingFormat
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
comment: The format of the item in question encoded into.
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string

Reagent
comment: A Reagent is an entity such as chemical substance or biological material that is used to initiate reactions in an experiment.
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity

schema:title
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: The title of a Thing.

packagedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: packages
comment: Reverse of packages property.

prov:Activity
comment: An Activity is a process by which an Entity is produced, modified, consumed or used.
type: Class

directlyChallenges
range: DigitalObject
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: challenges
domain: DigitalObject
comment: The directlyChallenges property establishes a relation between instances of DigitalObjects A and B when A asserts that B is wrong or deficient. It is non-transitive, entailing indirectlyChallenges properties on DigitalObjects supportedBy the DigitalObject it directlyChallenges, via a property chain rule.

instrumentUsedBy
comment: Reverse of usedInstrument property.
sub property of: usedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: usedInstrument

packages
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Container
comment: Instances of software can be packaged by the instances of containers.
range: Software

prov:SoftwareAgent
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: A Service is considered a SoftwareAgent that can be invoked and executed. A Software is different from SoftwareAgent in the context that it can be downloaded.
type: Class

indirectlyChallengedBy
sub property of: challengedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: indirectlyChallenges
comment: Reverse of indirectlyChallenges property.

schema:endTime
domain: Computation
type: DatatypeProperty
range: dateTime
comment: The endTime of something. For a reserved event or service (e.g. FoodEstablishmentReservation), the time that it is expected to end. For actions that span a period of time, when the action was performed. e.g. John wrote a book from January to December. For media, including audio and video, it's the time offset of the end of a clip within a larger file. Note that Event uses startDate/endDate instead of startTime/endTime, even when describing dates with times. This situation may be clarified in future revisions.

challenges
comment: The challenges property is entailed by property chain rule when a DigitalObject A either directly challenges another DigitalObject B, or indirectlyChallenges B by challenging a DigitalObject which supports it.
domain: DigitalObject
range: DigitalObject
type: ObjectProperty

schema:datePublished
range: dateTime
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
comment: Date when the item was first published.
type: DatatypeProperty

usedDataset
sub property of: used
range: Dataset
comment: The property usedDataset is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is Dataset.
domain: Computation
type: ObjectProperty

createdBy
domain: prov:Entity
range: prov:Agent
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
comment: A prov:Agent is a creator of a prov:Entity if it is createdBy the Agent.
domain: DigitalObject

framework
domain: MLModel
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: The machine learning framework used to create the model (e.g., PyTorch, TensorFlow).

schema:Service
subclass of: prov:SoftwareAgent
type: Class
equivalent class: Service
comment: A service provided by an organization, e.g. delivery service, print services, etc

schema:SoftwareApplication
comment: A software application.
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class
equivalent class: Software

describedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of describes property.
inverse of: describes

schema:Claim
equivalent class: Claim
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A Claim in Schema.org represents a specific, factually-oriented claim that could be the itemReviewed in a ClaimReview. The content of a claim can be summarized with the text property. Variations on well known claims can have their common identity indicated via sameAs links, and summarized with a name. Ideally, a Claim description includes enough contextual information to minimize the risk of ambiguity or inclarity. In practice, many claims are better understood in the context in which they appear or the interpretations provided by claim reviews. Beyond ClaimReview, the Claim type can be associated with related creative works - for example a ScholaryArticle or Question might be about some Claim. At this time, Schema.org does not define any types of relationship between claims. This is a natural area for future exploration.
type: Class

directlySupportedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The use of directlySupportedBy property is intended to establish a direct relation between instances of DigitalObjects.
sub property of: supportedBy
inverse of: directlySupports

schema:fileFormat
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
comment: Media type, typically MIME format (see IANA site) of the content e.g. application/zip of a SoftwareApplication binary. In cases where a CreativeWork has several media type representations, 'encoding' can be used to indicate each MediaObject alongside particular fileFormat information. Unregistered or niche file formats can be indicated instead via the most appropriate URL, e.g. defining Web page or a Wikipedia entry.
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software

hasBias
domain: MLModel
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Any issue of a model that may consistently deviate its outcome to be incorrect or unfair.
range: string

Article
comment: An Article is a (typically compound) textual document conveying a set of Claims and other DigitalObjects. Among these, an Article in EVI always conveys an assertion of its authorship in the form of a bibliographic self-reference.
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class

Computation
subclass of: prov:Activity
type: Class
comment: Computation is an Activity performed on a Dataset with the help of a Software.

parametersCount
domain: MLModel
range: string
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: The number of variables a model learns during training. For current LLM models, this number ranges from millions to trillions that determines the performance and complexity of these models.

prov:Organization
subclass of: prov:Agent
comment: An Organization is a social or legal institution with structure and purpose such as a company, society, university, sports team, etc.
type: Class

schema:SoftwareSourceCode
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class
equivalent class: Software
comment: Computer programming source code. Example: Full (compile ready) solutions, code snippet samples, scripts, templates.

represents
range: prov:Entity
comment: A DigitalObject represents an Entity or any of its features or feature sets.
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DigitalObject

usedInstrument
range: Instrument
type: ObjectProperty
domain: Experiment
comment: The property usedInstrument is a subproperty of used where domain is Experiment and range is Instrument.
sub property of: used

schema:keywords
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Class
  union of: Computation
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
range: string
comment: Keywords or tags used to describe some item. Multiple textual entries in a keywords list are typically delimited by commas, or by repeating the property.

Schema
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class
comment: A semi-structured interpretation of instances of DigitalObjects that can help comprehend the content.

state
type: DatatypeProperty
comment: Textual representation of a claim
range: string
domain: Claim

used
domain: prov:Activity
comment: An Activity used an Entity, when the Entity (such as a Dataset or a Software) was instrumental in enabling that Activity to occur.
range: prov:Entity
sub property of: directlySupportedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: usedBy

directlyChallengedBy
sub property of: challengedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of directlyChallenges property.
inverse of: directlyChallenges

softwareUsedBy
sub property of: usedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of usedSoftware property.
inverse of: usedSoftware

reagentUsedBy
comment: Reverse of usedReagent property.
sub property of: usedBy
inverse of: usedReagent
type: ObjectProperty

usedMLModel
type: ObjectProperty
range: MLModel
domain: Computation
sub property of: used
comment: The property usedModel is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is MLModel. This is common in fine-tuning or inference tasks.

usedBy
comment: Reverse of used property.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports

Experiment
subclass of: prov:Activity
comment: An experiment is an activity where samples are treated with reagents and analyzed using instruments.
type: Class

usedSample
sub property of: used
domain: Experiment
range: Sample
type: ObjectProperty
comment: The property usedSample is a subproperty of used where domain is Experiment and range is Sample.

DigitalObject
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity
comment: A DigitalObject is an Entity which represents another Entity. DigitalObjects are always attributedTo an Agent, their creator, contributor, influencer or to an Activity they were generatedBy.

associateFor
inverse of: associatedWith
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of associatedWith property.
sub property of: directlySupports

supports
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DigitalObject
comment: The supports property is a transitive relation between DigitalObjects entailed by its subproperty, directlySupports, which is non-transitive. In EvidenceGraphs, if A supports B, then the correctness (truth value) of A provides a warrant for belief in the correctness (truth value) of B.
range: DigitalObject
type: TransitiveProperty

derivedTo
comment: Reverse of derivedFrom property.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports

describes
comment: The describes property is used when a Method, generally composed with a block of text, narrates a prov:Activity that takes place.
domain: Method
type: ObjectProperty
range: prov:Activity

prov:Agent
comment: An Agent is an autonomous Entity. Persons and Organizations are Agents in EVI. Agents may be associatedWith Activities, and Entities may be attributedTo Agents.
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity

containedBy
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of contains property.
inverse of: contains

Software
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class
comment: Software is a specific set of computer-interpretable instructions to perform one or more Computations.

publicationVenue
comment: The (digital/physical) name where the item was published.
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software

representedBy
inverse of: represents
comment: Reverse of represents property.
type: ObjectProperty

Sample
comment: A sample is an entity such as a biological/physical specimen or material that is being tested in an experiment.
type: Class
subclass of: prov:Entity

sampleUsedBy
comment: Reverse of usedSample property.
sub property of: usedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: usedSample

prov:Entity
type: Class
comment: An Entity is a physical, digital, conceptual, or other kind of thing with some fixed aspects.

contains
comment: Instances of DigitalObjects may contain instances of other DigitalObjects.
type: ObjectProperty
domain: DigitalObject
range: DigitalObject
type: TransitiveProperty

Service
subclass of: prov:SoftwareAgent
comment: A Service is an Activity accessed online, which executes a Computation.
type: Class

Container
comment: A container is a digital object that can be defined as packages of software. Instances of containers are accompanied by all necessary dependencies such as specific versions, runtime environment and required libraries for execution.
subclass of: DigitalObject
type: Class

created
comment: Reverse of createdBy property.
type: ObjectProperty
sub property of: directlySupports
inverse of: createdBy

usedSoftware
range: Software
sub property of: used
comment: The property usedSoftware is a subproperty of used where domain is Computation and range is Software.
domain: Computation
type: ObjectProperty

Method
comment: A descriptive recipe describing how a Representation is made or obtained. It describes an Activity, and may referTo some Material as a component of the recipe.
type: Class
subclass of: DigitalObject

schema:identifier
comment: The identifier property represents any kind of identifier for any kind of Thing, such as ISBNs, GTIN codes, UUIDs etc. Schema.org provides dedicated properties for representing many of these, either as textual strings or as URL (URI) links.
type: DatatypeProperty
range: anyURI

serviceUsedBy
type: ObjectProperty
inverse of: usedService
comment: Reverse of usedService property.
sub property of: usedBy

schemaFor
type: ObjectProperty
comment: Reverse of hasSchema property.

schema:dateModified
domain: Class
  union of: Dataset
  union of: Software
comment: The date when the item was modifed last.
range: dateTime
type: DatatypeProperty

modelFormat
comment: The file format of the model (e.g., ONNX, HDF5, Pickle).
domain: MLModel
type: DatatypeProperty
range: string

Instrument
type: Class
comment: An Instrument is an entity such as a tool, device or equipment that is used in an experiment to perform measurements or manipulations, observations, or other actions.
subclass of: prov:Entity

schema:startTime
range: dateTime
comment: The startTime of something. For a reserved event or service (e.g. FoodEstablishmentReservation), the time that it is expected to start. For actions that span a period of time, when the action was performed. e.g. John wrote a book from January to December. For media, including audio and video, it's the time offset of the start of a clip within a larger file. Note that Event uses startDate/endDate instead of startTime/endTime, even when describing dates with times. This situation may be clarified in future revisions.
type: DatatypeProperty
domain: Computation

schema:author
range: string
comment: The author of the content.
type: DatatypeProperty

Reference
subclass of: DigitalObject
comment: A Reference is a bibliographic record. References are Representations which represent and attribute archived digital or bibliographic objects, including Articles, Datasets, and Software.
type: Class